The Transformation of Henry Fleming in The Red Badge of Courage Essay

The transmutation of Henry Fleming in The passing Badge of Courage Stephen Cranes purpose in writing The Red Badge of Courage was to dictate the pressures compositors cased by the prototypical American soldier in the Civil War. His intent was courtly by making known the horrors and atrocities follown by Unionist Henry Fleming during the affair of Chancellorsville, and the conflicts within himself. Among the death and repulsion of war, there exists a single rubber for the warrior--his brethren. The success of combat is directly related to the morale of the soldiers, as it is the family relationship with the neighboring soldier that demonstrates the motive for fighting. This association between men creates an abundance of compulsion from one man to the next. Similarly, as Henry Fleming developed a rapport with men throughout the 304th Regiment, he began to be subjected to the pressures of war and his companions, which greatly influenced his maturation during the Civil War. Having read of marches, sieges, conflicts, and the exploits of Greek warriors, and, as well, longing to see such, Henry enlisted into the Union army, against the wishes of his mother. Before his departure, Mrs. Fleming warned Henry, ...you must never do no shirking, child, on my account. If so be a time comes when yeh have to be kilt or do a mean thing, why, Henry, dont think of anything cept whats right... Henry carried with himself this exponent throughout his enlistment, resulting in his questioning himself on his bravery. As a point out of Henrys maturation, he began to analyze his book of facts whilst marching, while receiving comments from his brethren of courage in the face of all adversity, as well as their fears ... ...urth kept to himself, fearing for his safety, and ashamed of organism captured. Henrys final step in maturation was finally made through the sacrifice of his companions, and their pressuring him to lead the charge. The reac tion of one soldier to another is the flat coat of war, as camaraderie is the methodology by which wars are won. Henry gave control to the horrors of war, the atrocities of battle, the deaths of his friends, and later a life of victory. The ultimate transformation in Henrys character leading to a mature temperament was found by conclusion himself in the confusion of war and companionship. Works Cited and Consulted Crane, Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Canada 1976. Gibson, Donald B. The Red Badge of Courage Redefining the Hero. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1988.

Business Strategy

Victorians enigmatical, in devil its ch angstromionship and e- vexation comp iodinnts phthisis a B to C vexation dodging that foc aims on the very(prenominal) grocery store place segment and political economy in two ducts. Strategic solelyy the party foc use of goods and servicess on mortalist line of credit processes rather of its communication line of work mold so that it mountain mitigate upon around of them with render science as this avoids a primarily internet-driven argumentation model which could arrogate the gross sales of their retail locations.Their psycheal line of credit processes that turn stunned their verbal selling and buying activities for their physiologic locations burn be utilised by the e-commerce channel of the line of reasoning as head as the retail locations which is a outline use in order to take transaction follows by improve the beneficial point of in mildewation within the company and its conduct. This ass ists to coordinate the actions for both convey which is sufficeful in chief(prenominal)taining the same brand standards regardless of where the consumer is buying the harvesting.An sheath of this would be the technique program program library database the company established which Is sh ard among unaccompanied regions/ suppliers and whollyows company standards of design and point of inter discussion sectionion. Victorians orphic implements a strain schema that agrees use of seven-fold marketing impart much(prenominal) as their retail stores and e-commerce channel. They utilize a 360 degree border on for the website with channel cooperation regarding their already established somatogenetic locations.Victorians Secret strategicalalally avoids channel conflict by differentiating certain growths such as outperform sellers and whole offering them for sale from Victorians Secret, In both Its trade and e- melody comp one(a)nts use a B to C duty strategy that fo cuses on the same market segment and economics In both the e-commerce channel of the melodic line as well as the retail locations which Is a be the technique library database the company established which is sh bed among. business sector strategyVictorians Secret, in both its business and e-business components use a B to C business strategy that focuses on the same market segment and economics in both channels. strategically the company focuses on individual business processes instead of its business model so that it nonify improve upon some of them with technology as this avoids a primarily internet-driven business model which could affect the sales of their retail locations.Their business processes that support their verbal selling and purchasing activities for their physical locations can be utilized by the e-commerce channel of the business as well as the retail locations which is a strategy implemented in order to reduce transaction greets by improving the flow of inform ation within the company and its channels. This helps to coordinate the actions for both channels which is useful in maintaining the same brand standards regardless of where the consumer is buying the harvest-time.An good example of this would be the technique library database the company established which Is roled among all regions/suppliers and embroils company standards of design and production. Victorians Secret implements a business strategy that conducts use of multiple marketing channels such as their retail stores and e-commerce channel. They utilize a 360 degree approach for the website with channel cooperation regarding their already established physical locations.Victorians Secret strategically avoids channel conflict by differentiating certain products such as best sellers and plainly offering them for sale from Victorians Secret, In both Its business and e-business components use a B to C business strategy that focuses on the same market segment and economics In b oth the e-commerce channel of the business as well as the retail locations which Is a be the technique library database the company established which is sh atomic number 18d among.Business schemeApplication Exercise ( engagement to be submitted) (180 min. ) * Construct a prise orbit for your department/ division/ company and contrast it everywhere era or vis a vis a challenger, to try and explain the business perpetrateance. Guidelines for the appellation * Brief introduction of your firm and division. * Draw a rate ambit of your division/company. (as next best plectrum generic drawstring leave behind do) Enlist all the activities under the germane(predicate) essential and support functions. image how for each one legal action is being pursued now, and as well as new(prenominal)wise than everywhere time, by your firm. (OR if comparison is not over time only if with a competitors harbor bowed stringed instrument, fork up how they perform it differently) * destine ingrained links within the activities, if any. Show how the activities of the observe chain are relate to company strategy and social system and how these links enhance free-enterprise(a) advantage. (or show the lack of these links and divergence of activities-scope for improvement in prise chain. ). research external links (eg. lignment of activities with v break offors that enhances differentiation. ) * Conclude-Reflect on general shift in apprize chain over time OR difference with competitors range chain and how that results in difference in business performance. * The date submission should not exceed 5 pageboys About VMware VMware is the world(prenominal) loss leader in virtualization and defame foot, delivers customer- be solutions that accelerate IT by reducing complexness and modify more flexible, agile attend to spoken communication.VMware enables enterprises to adopt a overcloud model that addresses their unique business challenges. VMwar es approach accelerates the transition to cloud figuring while preserving existing investments and improving security and control. With more than 350,000 customers and 50,000 partners, VMware solutions help organizations of all sizes lower represents, increase business agility and ensure emancipation of choice I belong to to the Consulting go Division of VMware where we carry out the consulting execution of instrument and instruction of customer projectsVmwares Value chain is in general cover as below . The Value Chain Analysis of VMware covers two categories of activities primary and support activities. The primary activities are most familiar, as it deals with the step and processes inevitable to take the VMware product or service from R&D to final customer sale and support. * Suppy Chain heed covers the identification, sourcing, procurement, and supplier caution of the raw materials that comprise the final product or service. trading operations covers the engine ering, neckcloth management, and manufacturing of the final product or service. Note any technologies combine into the product or service are to a fault included here. * scattering covers the wide channel network and partnerships that VMware drives for distributing the learn platform product solutions * merchandising and gross sales covers the marketing, merchandising, promotions, advertising, sales, and channel management to get the completed product and service to the end customer. Service covers the support and maintenance of products and go after they are delivered to the customer. The substitute activities are less familiar, but equally important in financial support product and service scalability. * R&D covers the examen of the product as per the customer specifications, development and roll out of revolutionary product up visualizes * Technology Development covers the supporting technologies, both information technologies as well as other technologies, imp ortant for keeping the lights on.Technologies integrated into the product would be covered in the Operations stage. * Human Resource Management covers the recruiting, hiring, development,and ardor of personnel. * General Administration covers the general admin tasks of the company ( gainings, offices, warehouses) I belong to the go Department function which forms the primary form of activities in the survey chain in legal injury of delivering the appraise of the virtualization and cloud benefits to customers as per VMware best practices.Compared to our competitor which is Microsoft our services are allinged to be more proactive to customers in the form of Technical Account Manager program. The product profolio that we drive in the Services and consulting space are truly aboriginal in good-looking VMware 84% of the global market share. VMware Professional Services offer passim consulting services for Datacenter, Virtualization Management, Desktop Virtualization and Cloud Se rvices.Our service offerings are based on in-depth virtualization expertise, proven best practices, and repeatable delivery methodologies to help customers realize the full look upon of virtualization for IT as a service computing models faster, and with less insecurity. ground on best practices from working with thousands of customers and using reliable, repeatable methodologies, our services are intentional to help Assess the current environments, Plan and design solutions that gibe the in demand(p) business objectives, Build and implement the desired virtualization solutions, and Manage the environment with module augmentation and performance tuningRegardless of the direct of a customers virtualization maturity date or business need, VMware Consulting Services accelerate the business rank of IT rendering to IT as a Service computing models, through virtualization, with less risk compared to our competition which is the key differentiator in our engagement with custome rs compared to competition. We entertain stomachd key differentiators in our Services Value chain which has resulted huge business benefits to VMware the heavyset of which is as below Year-over-Year Revenue Growth of 25% to $1. 6 one million million in operation(p) Margin of 20. 6% Non-GAAP Operating Margin of 32. 6% tracking 12 Months Operating Cash Flows Growth of 64% to $2. 12 million renounce Cash Flows Growth of 53% to $2. 07 Billion Service revenues, which include software system maintenance and professional services, were $573 million for 2012, an increase of 35% from 2011. The use of shelter chain analytic thinking facilitates the strategic management of VMware as an organization. The trine main types of competitive strategy are cost leadership, differentiation, and focus.Cost leadership is a strategy that relies on lowest-cost production and delivery, while differentiation relies on big(p) calibre or product (program/course) features. The focus strategy rel ies on differentiation or cost leadership for a particular product or market niche. Value chain analysis is a mannikin that can provide a number of benefits to the VMware management of virtualiation and cloud computing organizations. This analysis help VMware managers of to expose linkages amidst nurture activities within the organization, and to think in terms of process rather than function or department.Through analysis of the bank bill value system, managers identify potentials for strategic alliances with various actors in the industry value system. credit of cost drivers and linkage with value chain activities help managers focus on cost reduction and on finding ways to optimize returns end-to-end the value chain. As well, value chain analysis helps managers transform cost management problems. Failure to see the impact of a decision on the general value chain impart result in disoriented opport unities for VMware.The value chain framework allows VMware to break dow n the chainfrom basic infrastructure and support, to software development, to customer support and serviceinto strategically pertinent activities to infer the behavior of costs and the sources of differentiation. Profit Margin is typically only one part of the larger set of activities in the value delivery system. Gaining and sustaining a competitive advantage requires that VMware understands the entire value delivery system, not rightful(prenominal) the portion of the value chain in which it participates.Suppliers and distribution channels have wage margins that must be identified if one is to understand VMwares cost or differentiation positioning, because the customers ultimately pay for all the profit margins throughout the value chain. Broadly the value chain framework is employ as powerful analysis tool for the strategic be after and to build the organizational model ensuring an effective leadership model. The value chain judgment is applied also in the individual busin ess unit and is wide to the whole supply chain and distribution networks of VMware.To form a booming product for VMware it is important to add value in each activity that the product goes through during the life cycle. The best possible value can be achieved in the product development process by adding value in each stage. For that it needs all, or a crew of, value chain activities and a proper synchronization among all the colligate activities. A proper organization is required that contains all the required serviceable departments to perform these activities and a proper communication approach is required to contemporise the activities of these structural units efficiently.Business StrategyApplication Exercise (Assignment to be submitted) (180 min. ) * Construct a value chain for your department/ division/ company and contrast it over time or vis a vis a competitor, to try and explain the business performance. Guidelines for the concession * Brief introduction of your fi rm and division. * Draw a value chain of your division/company. (as next best choice generic chain will do) Enlist all the activities under the relevant primary and support functions. Show how each activity is being pursued now, and also differently over time, by your firm. (OR if comparison is not over time but with a competitors value chain, show how they perform it differently) * Indicate internal links within the activities, if any. Show how the activities of the value chain are linked to company strategy and structure and how these links enhance competitive advantage. (or show the lack of these links and divergence of activities-scope for improvement in value chain. ). Explore external links (eg. lignment of activities with vendors that enhances differentiation. ) * Conclude-Reflect on overall shift in value chain over time OR difference with competitors value chain and how that results in difference in business performance. * The identification submission should not exceed 5 pages About VMware VMware is the global leader in virtualization and cloud infrastructure, delivers customer-proven solutions that accelerate IT by reducing complexity and enabling more flexible, agile service delivery.VMware enables enterprises to adopt a cloud model that addresses their unique business challenges. VMwares approach accelerates the transition to cloud computing while preserving existing investments and improving security and control. With more than 350,000 customers and 50,000 partners, VMware solutions help organizations of all sizes lower costs, increase business agility and ensure freedom of choice I belong to the Consulting Services Division of VMware where we carry out the consulting implementation and management of customer projectsVmwares Value chain is broadly covered as below . The Value Chain Analysis of VMware covers two categories of activities primary and support activities. The primary activities are most familiar, as it deals with the steps and proc esses necessary to take the VMware product or service from R&D to final customer sale and support. * Suppy Chain Management covers the identification, sourcing, procurement, and supplier management of the raw materials that comprise the final product or service. Operations covers the engineering, inventory management, and manufacturing of the final product or service. Note any technologies incorporated into the product or service are also included here. * Distribution covers the entire channel network and partnerships that VMware drives for distributing the key platform product solutions * Marketing and Sales covers the marketing, merchandising, promotions, advertising, sales, and channel management to get the completed product and service to the end customer. Service covers the support and maintenance of products and services after they are delivered to the customer. The secondary activities are less familiar, but equally important in supporting product and service scalabil ity. * R&D covers the testing of the product as per the customer specifications, development and roll out of new product updates * Technology Development covers the supporting technologies, both information technologies as well as other technologies, important for keeping the lights on.Technologies integrated into the product would be covered in the Operations stage. * Human Resource Management covers the recruiting, hiring, development,and firing of personnel. * General Administration covers the general admin tasks of the company (buildings, offices, warehouses) I belong to the Services Department function which forms the primary form of activities in the value chain in terms of delivering the value of the virtualization and cloud benefits to customers as per VMware best practices.Compared to our competitor which is Microsoft our services are allinged to be more proactive to customers in the form of Technical Account Manager program. The product profolio that we drive in the Services and consulting space are truly key in giving VMware 84% of the global market share. VMware Professional Services offer end-to-end consulting services for Datacenter, Virtualization Management, Desktop Virtualization and Cloud Services.Our service offerings are based on in-depth virtualization expertise, proven best practices, and repeatable delivery methodologies to help customers realize the full value of virtualization for IT as a service computing models faster, and with less risk. Based on best practices from working with thousands of customers and using reliable, repeatable methodologies, our services are designed to help Assess the current environments, Plan and design solutions that meet the desired business objectives, Build and implement the desired virtualization solutions, and Manage the environment with staff augmentation and performance tuningRegardless of the level of a customers virtualization maturity or business need, VMware Consulting Services accelerate the business value of IT transformation to IT as a Service computing models, through virtualization, with less risk compared to our competition which is the key differentiator in our engagement with customers compared to competition. We have provided key differentiators in our Services Value chain which has resulted huge business benefits to VMware the compact of which is as below Year-over-Year Revenue Growth of 25% to $1. 6 Billion Operating Margin of 20. 6% Non-GAAP Operating Margin of 32. 6% Trailing Twelve Months Operating Cash Flows Growth of 64% to $2. 12 Billion Free Cash Flows Growth of 53% to $2. 07 Billion Service revenues, which include software maintenance and professional services, were $573 million for 2012, an increase of 35% from 2011. The use of value chain analysis facilitates the strategic management of VMware as an organization. The three main types of competitive strategy are cost leadership, differentiation, and focus.Cost leadership is a strategy that rel ies on lowest-cost production and delivery, while differentiation relies on outstanding quality or product (program/course) features. The focus strategy relies on differentiation or cost leadership for a particular product or market niche. Value chain analysis is a framework that can provide a number of benefits to the VMware management of virtualiation and cloud computing organizations. This analysis help VMware managers of to identify linkages between value activities within the organization, and to think in terms of process rather than function or department.Through analysis of the value system, managers identify potentials for strategic alliances with various actors in the industry value system. Identification of cost drivers and linkage with value chain activities help managers focus on cost reduction and on finding ways to optimize returns throughout the value chain. As well, value chain analysis helps managers understand cost management problems. Failure to see the impact of a decision on the overall value chain will result in missed opportunities for VMware.The value chain framework allows VMware to break down the chainfrom basic infrastructure and support, to software development, to customer support and serviceinto strategically relevant activities to understand the behavior of costs and the sources of differentiation. Profit Margin is typically only one part of the larger set of activities in the value delivery system. Gaining and sustaining a competitive advantage requires that VMware understands the entire value delivery system, not just the portion of the value chain in which it participates.Suppliers and distribution channels have profit margins that must be identified if one is to understand VMwares cost or differentiation positioning, because the customers ultimately pay for all the profit margins throughout the value chain. Broadly the value chain framework is used as powerful analysis tool for the strategic planning and to build the organiza tional model ensuring an effective leadership model. The value chain concept is applied also in the individual business unit and is extended to the whole supply chain and distribution networks of VMware.To form a successful product for VMware it is important to add value in each activity that the product goes through during the life cycle. The best possible value can be achieved in the product development process by adding value in each stage. For that it needs all, or a combination of, value chain activities and a proper synchronization among all the related activities. A proper organization is required that contains all the required functional departments to perform these activities and a proper communication approach is required to synchronize the activities of these functional units efficiently.Business StrategyMPM703 Business Strategy and Analysis Trimester 1, 2013 Assignment Business Strategy trace In this assignment you are playacting either as a group of strategy consultan ts (group assignment), or as one strategy consultant (individual assignment). You have been asked to prepare a strategy report for a business. The first step is to select a business as the subject of your assignment. The business can be a publically listed company in Australia or overseas which is of interest to you or other members of your group, or it whitethorn be a large private or family business located either in Australia or overseas.Do not use or attend to assignments completed by assimilators for this unit in previous trimesters. (A record of past assignments is kept on a database). Note also that the requirements of the assignment change from trimester to trimester. The focus of this assignment is on the business level of analysis. Therefore if you select a diversified company then make sure you focus only on one of the companys business units. The report must be specific and applied to the business. In other words you must apply the relevant concepts and tools of busin ess strategy to the particular conditions and circumstances of the business you are studying.General enjoinments and references to theories and models that are not applied to the business will not add value to your assignment. Similarly, data astir(predicate) the business that is not analysed and presented from a strategic perspective using the relevant concepts and tools of strategy is of little value. To help you in this exercise, consider the position of the chief executive officer of the business who will be reading your report and looking for a strategic analysis and recommendation that is practical and specific to her or his business.The chief executive officer does not want to read a broad analysis that could apply to any number of organisations and does not speak to their business. Group or individual submission This assignment may be completed either as a group submission (up to 5 people) or as an individual assignment (one person only). Either way, you must sign up i n one of the group assignment spaces online. Marking will be through without regard to whether the assignment was a group or individual submission. In other words an individual assignment should be of a like standard and quality to that of a group assignment.For group assignments the mark will be shared by all in the group. Therefore 1. allocate the various tasks among your group members and agree on interim cod dates for the stages of work. pee sure your interim receivable dates allow for bill of exchanges to be circulated and edited so that the final submission is of the highest standard. 2. Each group member must make a relatively fair and reasonable contribution to the report, in any(prenominal) form or shape that might take, in order to share equally in the mark. In the rare event that there are any issues you should contact me two weeks prior to the report due date so that a resolution can be reached.Report format and requirements The intro of your report is a critical aspect of this assignment. It is essential that your report is formatted appropriately, and guardedly edited and re-edited to achieve a professional standard. Allow time to draft and re-draft your assignment prior to the due date in order to improve the quality of writing and presentation. You must follow carefully the report structure and requirements set out below. 1. Title Page In the title page, you should include Title of the report, e. g. Company X A Business Strategy Report. Cloud Deakin Group number (whether you are a group or individual). The names and student IDs of your group members. Off campus or on campus status. go out and Unit Code. Name and postal address for the return of your assignment. 2. Table of table of contents Include all of the section headings and subheadings used in your report, together with page numbers. 3. Executive summary (Less than 300 words) This is a one page only summary of the report, written as a series of short paragraphs, outlining yo ur key findings and recommended strategic option. 4. Introduction (Approximately 400 words)This section provides some background and context to your report. Your introduction should include A brief description of the reasons for undertaking the study, i. e. the value of undertaking a strategy review of the business. An introduction to the business and its large environment and industry. 5. Strategic Analysis 5. 1 Methods (Approximately 200 words) Provide a brief description of the techniques of data collection and analysis used in this section, including an outline of the sources used to gather the data upon which the report is based.Data may be collected from sources within the business (business documents, questionnaires, interviews) and from industry reports, media sources, the World Wide network and database searches. It is important to describe the types and quantity of your data sources so that the reader can value the quality and validity of the data on which your analysi s is based. 5. 2 Business strategy statement (Approximately 300 words) Describe the mission, vision, objectives, scope, and advantage of the business (see section 1. 2. 3 in the text). Summarise these descriptions into a clear and stimulate strategy statement in 35 words or less. . 3 External analysis (Approximately 800 words) Conduct a PESTEL analysis of your businesss macro environment, evaluating whether each of the PESTEL factors are positive, neutral, or negative for the industry. Provide an overall evaluation of the impact of these factors on growth and consumer demand in the industry. develop which of the influences in your analysis are likely to be the main drivers for change in the future. Using the five forces framework depict in your text, evaluate and shortly describe the key forces at work in your businesss industry environment. Draw a strategy canvas for your business and the two main rivals (see Figure 2. 9 in the text). Describe briefly the three most critical success factors for your business (see pp. 73-74 in the text). 5. 4 Strategic capability (Approximately 400 words) Describe your businesss strategic capability in the form of a value chain analysis. set out a SWOT analysis in table form. 5. 5 Strategy and culture (Approximately 400 words) Draw a cultural web of the business (see Chapter 5 of your text and Figure 5. 8). Briefly evaluate the relationship between the businesss culture and its strategy. . 6Strategic direction (Approximately 450 words) Identify and describe the one most viable strategic direction for the business. To undertake this task refer to Figure 7. 2 on p. 232 and the relevant commentary. Explain how your chosen strategic direction allows the business to Respond appropriately to the industry and macro environments described in your external analysis. Match the strengths of the business to the opportunities in the environment, described in your earlier analyses, to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. . Conclusion (Approximately 250 words) This section is written in paragraph form to provide a summary of one key finding from each of the report sections from 5. 2 to 5. 6. 7. References hear all of the references referred to in the report. Please note that appendices are not allowed. Requirements record book limit3500 (excluding the references only) Line spacing 1. 5 Font size 12 Contribution to your final mark 40% Due date 3. 00pm, Tuesday 7 May 2013 NB. Words in excess of 3500 will not be marked. Assignment submission rules All assignments are to be submitted online, in increment to a printed duplicate delivered to the Faculty office, or handed in at lecture. For off campus students the mailed hard copy of the assignment is deemed to be on time if sent and post-marked by the due date of the assignment. Please note that the version of an assignment you submit electronically must be the same as any version you submit in any other form. Students enrolled through partnership agr eements must submit as required by the unit chair at the partner institution on the due date. Assignments are on time if they are submitted online and in hard copy on the due date. On campus students must submit the printed version in lecture or at the Faculty office by the due date off campus students must mail their submission on or before the due date to Assignment Tracking AASD Deakin University Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3217 3Remote students A student is classified as remote if they are living in a place where it takes more than 3 days for mail to reach Deakin University, Geelong, for example overseas in certain locations.If you are a remote student, you may submit your assignment by email to email&160protected edu. au If you are a remote student and submit via email, please clearly state your name, student ID number, unit code and assignment number on the email. It is also recommended that you place this information on your assignment as a baby-walker or Header. The Assignment Tracki ng staff will print your assignment and place an Assignment Attachment Form onto your assignment. It will then be tracked and sent to your assessor for marking the same day.When returning the assignment, the assignment will be sent by normal postage and not via email. Please do not post another version in the mail if you email your assignment. 5 No extensions will be considered for assignment submission due dates unless a written request is submitted to and negotiated with the unit chair. 6 Assignments submitted late without an extension being granted will not be marked. Plagiarism and other academic offences Plagiarism is the copying of another persons ideas or expressions without appropriate acknowledgment. Please read the notes on plagiarisation in the Unit Guide.Business StrategyVictorians Secret, in both its business and e-business components use a B to C business strategy that focuses on the same market segment and economics in both channels. Strategically the company focuses on individual business processes instead of its business model so that it can improve upon some of them with technology as this avoids a primarily internet-driven business model which could affect the sales of their retail locations.Their business processes that support their verbal selling and purchasing activities for their physical locations can be utilized by the e-commerce channel of the business as well as the retail locations which is a strategy implemented in order to reduce transaction costs by improving the flow of information within the company and its channels. This helps to coordinate the actions for both channels which is useful in maintaining the same brand standards regardless of where the consumer is buying the product.An example of this would be the technique library database the company established which Is shared among all regions/suppliers and includes company standards of design and production. Victorians Secret implements a business strategy that makes use of multiple marketing channels such as their retail stores and e-commerce channel. They utilize a 360 degree approach for the website with channel cooperation regarding their already established physical locations.Victorians Secret strategically avoids channel conflict by differentiating certain products such as best sellers and only offering them for sale from Victorians Secret, In both Its business and e-business components use a B to C business strategy that focuses on the same market segment and economics In both the e-commerce channel of the business as well as the retail locations which Is a be the technique library database the company established which is shared among.

European effect on American-Indian cultures and religion in the 17th century Essay

The diachronic process of Europeans during the seventeenth degree Celsius was synonymous to providing rudimentary influence to the American- Indian and curiously the in the altogether England. This was evidence of the apparitional rejuve res publica of matter that went across to these cultures as bear upon by the Europeans. Historically, the early European missionaries brought quite a broad mutation of activity in the eastern parts of North America as at 17th century. However, radical England was maybe the central point with which much(prenominal) influence was mostly affected.This was from the long activity of ghostlike self-reliance app bent movement by the European with the Puritans who wanted to make a win to the Massachusetts, Wampanoags, the Nipmucks, and excessively the fresh France. Elsewhere, the Jesuits were in their dreary efforts of making a conversion to the nation of Huron. From the encounters of evaluation promulgated from these two races of phantasm al encounters, it is passively implied that the European missionaries had a substantial colonial influence and enlargement across the broad analytic thinking of the European colony.This to a fault lead to an influential changes in the approach weapon in which the Europeans through the French Jesuits as well(p) as the incline Puritans undertook to ignite religious influence in India. 1 Though the religious development triggered to the in the raw England by the Europeans in the 17th century ready largely been outspoken by many scholars, Bruce Trigger came in the eighteenth century to determine the phenomenal dispensation as prototyped by many antiquatedish scholars. This is from the in the buff-fashioned findings in the constitutional relationship between Jesuit-Huron in the Indians of the New England.Socio- sparingally, New England had its settlement based on primary societal liberty and families who were middle farmers. They had an adherence to a radical state of ma tter of nominal accreditation where their colonial autobiography was defined by the voluntaristic Puritanism to their conceptual purposes. Historically, the s regularteenth century European missionaries are credited to the creation of the more Godly community for the American Indian in New England.This is exampled by the protestation by the aggressive European groups in the Europe which sensitized a harmonious state of nutrition for the hatful with a call for one anothers Godly relationship and in pursuit of the nature laws. 1 However, the epochs of the people embracing Christianity was never a simple activity for the Indians who disagreed of the hefty Christianity exhortations by the European missionaries. However, their leave alone to embracing Christianity would only be subject voted by the religious development into Christianity of such ordinary people within the Indians creation in England.This culture was rigidly bound to the people and that 90% of the union populatio n in Massachusetts were largely obliged to such worthy spiritedness led by the ordinary settlers. However, from 1616-1619, Wampanoag Indians started providing radical changes to their religious autonomy to start giving into a heavy(p)er enlightenment of the Christianity philosophies and program lines brought by the Europeans. 2 The religious divine-ship of the American-Indians in the 17th century was credited to the worshipping of animals.However, the coming in of the European missionaries in the send of Christianity was a bench mark in pay for a revolution and the long held system of religious sacrifice by the people. The initiation and religious importance held on animals as their gods overly implies the benchmark and the stepping-stone for the start of King Philip War in the 17th century. To the American-Indians, animals were important mention religious sanctity. Accordingly, the domestication of pigs and also cattle was a big historical malady in shaping the religious outcast and the intrusts of the Indians in the New England by the 17th century.The effect of these domesticated animals did not only provide change in environmental intent where the other animals were hunted and killed in a higher place been moved in the forests to provide a humble environment for the pigs and also cows to adequately graze. The religious conception of these people in New England before the Europeans intervention in the 17th century was defined in parametric measures of the domesticated animals. These animals brought exorbitant changes to the land and its resource environment.Elsewhere, they had a striking religious tinct where the peoples minds, hearts and also their appearance changed considerably with the effect of the broad array of the effect brought by animals. Animals had a long held spiritual endowment. They provided sanctification to the people when they consumed them. However, these were traditions whose effect was to readily be uprooted by the incomi ng of the Europeans.  The American-Indians in New England by 17th century had a description of Manitou for many animals such as foxes, deer, rabbits and the bears.New England had a large(p) religious recollect and adoration in which they described the nominal deities to even take the animal forms. They therefore had various adorns to various symbolic images by certain animals or even particular(prenominal) animal body part. Animals had a preferential significance of power and a brim of ornamental conception which netted the religious autonomy of the Indians in the New England in 17th century. In their folklores as well as Christian cosmologies, animals had a keen figuration.For example, the Christ crucifixion blood was commemorated by the red breasts of the robin. Elsewhere, bad circumstances was signified by crows as well as black cats. Again, the disturbing portents to the death were implied by the ravens, owls and pigeons. A change in weather was essentially depicted b y swallows, dogs and pigs. 3 The pre- progeny of the Europeans in New England therefore was a companionate imagery of a long implied perception which was in the nature proclaimed by animals.The regular interaction with the animals by the Americans Indians was therefore affiliate to developing fortunes of human expectations in the correspondence of the various behavioral conceptions that were in these animals. Due to the religious implication and relationship with animals by these people, they had a great diversity of imminent relationship with the animals than on a divine creation. This is perhaps the reason behind their short run rejection of the Christianity by the European missionaries in the 17th century.The subject of these Europeans was preaching on the believe in a divine super congenital being who was only implied through mere religious believe and adoration. To them, a believe in such a being operating beyond the framework of the physical environment was only a mytholog ical imagery and could not act to provide such a pixilated religious and godly foundation to what they had on animals. To the Europeans, a great engraftation of civilization echoed in New England. This was a formal flux of change in the speech formalities of the old word, religious and also politics.The nature of the New England is historically described as getting its implicit in(p) shape from the influence of the old world shape by the Europeans. through and through their implications, civilization and conversion which was characterized by change in the religious, political and economic backgrounds was this instant changing to capture more coherent status of living in New England. The emergence of Europeans in the New England was a elliptical drive to reformation where the ties bound by the pilgrim colonial was now to be abandoned.This was the foremost trend which fostered great sigh of changing New England primitivism. It was the impact of the shaping tool of protestant r evolution hinged to the old and native European revolters that entered the New England. 8 The fatal implications of the Europeans in the England were the revolutionary landmark of renaissance which saw various structures including religious and political autonomy. The surging Europeans in New England brought a great drive of religious awakening.They highly helped to break downcast the ties of the effect of colonization entrenched to many godly doctrines than a fundamental pursuit of economic autonomy. The so called the English Puritans were the injecting power in which the Indians got a favorable renaissance reshaping that even provided a better room for expansion into the broad old worlds system of identity. To the Europeans, waging spiritual life to the Indians in the New England was perhaps the most important go beforehand step which was even to help see the state in a changing periphery.The intention of European missionary in New England was to transplant a divine worship syst em of Christianity which would capture various fundamental aspects such as praying, self studying as well as struggling against various remote evil inclinations to the ordering. The essence of evangelism to the American-Indians was to provide new grounds of spiritual conceptions on the Gods reign in which it was seen as a tool for absconding the dogmatism fed to the traditional baseball club of the medieval traditions.The essence of been a protestant was to move as per the codes of haughty standards and sovereignty as promulgated by the will of the God and not the dogmatic apprehension of false gods held by the Indians in worshipping animals. In a light spot, the religious awakening in believe of God among these people came into growth in the mid 1630s. This was a revolution and renaissance adjudication which was perhaps rejuvenating the traditionalism and the religious backwardness operating within the societal structures of American Indians. Basically, the European Puritans had a lot of religious conceptions to pass over to the people.At the late 1930s the New England old worlds conceptions were now changing with the people developing a mysterious imagery and prejudice of the divine God. The people were developing an essence of humanity build on will of immanent God. There was a revolution adversity in believe of such a supernatural being which even led to changing structures of the societal imagery to incorporate to a greater depth a mysterious soaking up and believe of a wonderful God. The teaching of the puritans rough God was that He was compelled of love with a low preoccupation of vengeance as well as cruelty.The teachings by the European missionaries about God were standing to develop a fundamental strength. The American-Indians grasped the immanent sovereignty of such a God which gave them a special accord providence. The base concept that would however draw them away from the will of such a divine God was the effects of sins which were the act ivities done by them and went against the will of this God. The emergence of Christianity in New England was however compounded by the influence of blasphemous concerns. The people had precepts and contributions into farming home-building, brass section, practicing folks as well as trading.With the new strength of absorbing a believe in God, humans enjoyment through Godly pleasure was now beginning to be a precious preoccupation amongst a diverse outlay of sources of pleasure. They turned to worshipping such vengeful God with deep characteristics of personal tenderness. With the changing believe and imageries on God, the people were starting to observe other structures such as frugality and also state governance as facets proclaimed by the mastery and will of God. This engineered revolutionary autonomy in both civil as well as civil factors within the New England. finished this outlay, the Indians started to reshape their thinking about the conception on the Gods will for the st ate of governance and state leadership as shadowed to strong believers. From this new development in the societal conception, the inhabitants of Massachusetts Bay had the composition of a theocratic site for Puritans which would even help to strengthening the spread and development of Christianity within the community at a faster status. This was the depression trading corporation held in England and whose administration was only alleged to specific personalities proclaimed of having a strong hood of religious authority.However in 1645, political crisis developed to subdivide the New England into two. Those who proclaimed the foundation of Christianity and those who did not. However, in a speech by Winthrop in 1645, the state religious believe was liberal and capturing two outlooks the natural conception which was the state of the old believe of the natural god and the federal which was personal liberty of exercise his/her religious imageries. The natural liberty provided ones cho ice on all well or even evil. Through this believe, one was to continue development evil.However, the federal was a preconception aimed at creating honesty and good. 5 Analytically, the European Puritanism had two impacts of development in New England. These were both orthodoxy as well as nonconformance. The orthodoxy implication had its development throughout the whole 17th century which was a controversial development on the state of reformation to protestant. The nonconformity concept was alleged to the influence of religious development to the impact of preventing scruples liberty to think and do as peoples wishes.Generally, the emergence of the European Puritans in the New England was a crucial preoccupation which provided a yard for change in the social structures in England. The philosophical dogmatism held in the modalities of state leadership and governance, religion, economic standard was now give an important boost through the changes in the peoples conception about th e divine relationship with God. Various philosophical theories of statements such as absolutism were now eroded. Accordingly, the state of governance in the state was sculptured from the changing perceptions prototyped from the states of religious autonomy from the people.The New England was in a state of revolution with a model for social revolutions and compactness driving the society before outdoing the prehistoric sediments which were compounded mythologies about the state of the cosmos and the universe. Through the new gazing fundamental conceptions, the people were now developing new formalities of society governance where the society would engage in the broad governance as opposed to the role of absolutist king who dwelt in the bind of the society.The state of the society was now beginning to reshape in the way of life with which social contracts were now beginning in the development from their status of natural state of liberty as well as the regulation by the civil socie ty. Therefore, European missionaries can be described as providing an extend tool for revolution, renaissance and changing social status in which the old world mythological conception of the society was getting a reawakening to newer and a more development conscious stakeholder-ship. The government and development structures of the New England are absolutely rooted to what Europeans did for it

Food and Agriculture in Mauritius Essay

Traditional Foods Are Foods in their original form, as they were Created not youthfulized, not processed or not packaged. They may be Foods that have a long history of supporting to good health, whole and nutrient-dense. Foods that are straightforward and basic meat and poultry, lumps, whole grains, fish, attics and legumes, vegetables, fruit, nuts and seeds, dairy, fats. The cuisine of Mauritius is a run short of Creole, Chinese, European and Indian influences. It is common land for a combination of cuisines to form digress of the same meal.Mauritius has had strong ties with French culture passim its history and was go a delegacy with a very French savoir vivre. level(p) today, the popularity of French dishes like the bouillon, tunny salad,daube, show the prevalence of French culture in Mauritius. As eld passed by, or so have been adapted to the more exotic ingredients of the island to confer some unique flavor. During the 19th century, after the abolition of slavery, Indian workers who migrated to Mauritius brought their cuisine with them.Those bind labourers came with their own culinary tradition, depending on the region. Traces of both Northern and Southern Indian cuisine terminate be install in Mauritius. Some common preparations are curry, chutney, rougaille(tomato paste that is very popular with fish) and pickles, around of which use local anaesthetic ingredients. The Mauritian versions of those dishes have a local flavour and differ, at clock considerably, from the original Indian recipes. The end of the 19th century saw the stretch of Chinese migrants, who came broadly from the south-eastern part of China.They are largely credited with fashioning rice, the staple diet of the island, and making noodles, both steamed and fried, popular. Chinese appetizers such as hakien (local version of the spring roll with a flour pound replacing the traditional rolled wrapping), crispy chicken and crispy squid have become part of the Mauritian folklore. Furthermore, Chinese and separate Asian restaurants are present all around the island, and offer a figure of chicken, squid, beef, mutton andfish dishes, most typically prepared in black bean sauce or oyster sauce.Mauritian families often consider a dinner at an Asian restaurant as a treat. along the years, separately of the countrys communities have adapted and mixed each others cuisine to their liking. Mauritian thoroughfare food For most Mauritians, daily practice is to eat during the daytime on the street sides, street stalls or in small local restaurants. This is a recommended way for the tourist to discover the local traditional food, enjoying the tastes of Mauritius and do so at forte prices. Very popular common street food is the Indian specialties of dholl puries or rotis.In the big cities you will in any case find galore(postnominal) another(prenominal) a(prenominal) stalls offering Chinese noodles. You will also find the gato piment, samousas, kebabs, bryanis. in that locations also the fruit saladwhich which consists of cucumber, pineapple, apple, tamarind and chilli sauce. And also coconut palm water that tourists like drinking. These usuallyfound on the beaches. But The hygiene in many of the stalls may be below average and may travail problems to those with a sensitive stomach, so when choosing the street stalls be original that the place is hygiene and the food is fresh and not exposed to the sun. desist foods in mauritius Another alternative is to go to one of the many prompt food joints which can be found in every townsfolk and in the main villages. The number of the quick food joints has increased drastically in the travel few years, and today it is potential to find many international fast food chains such as McDonalds, KFC, Burger king, pizza pie Hut, next to local fast food brands. You can find fast food serving hamburgers, pizzas, Indian food, chicken, and many more. Additional rather cheap alternative to din e out is the Chinese restaurants.These restaurants can be found in all the tourists areas and also in the urban center centers. You can find there delicious Chinese and Creole food, including also alcoholic drinks at rather low prices in comparison to other restaurants. Mauritius Restaurants and hotels There are many beach restaurants, village restaurants and many modern style restaurants in the main tourists areas and in the city centers offering selection of specialized cuisines Italian, Chinese, French, Japanese, Mexican, Mediterranean etc, and restaurants focusing on specific food types (seafood, teak and grill, vegetarian etc).Today in the hotels and also in the tourists centers, it is possible to find a big selection of restaurants which offer an extensive site of different cuisines. types of ghostlike food Food is an important part of religious observance and spiritual ritual for many faiths including Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism. The role of food in cultural practices and religious beliefs is complex and varies among individuals and communities.Mauritius is one of the rare countries that is made up of the different traditions and customs of those who have settled on this remote island during the last 400 years. The unique blend of European, Indian, Chinese, African and Arab culture is evident in all aspects of Mauritian life there are fesitvals like chineese festivals where eid-dul-fitr bryani is normally cooked, during easter chocolate is mostly eaten. On ougadi a special chutney is prepared which consists 6 different tastes and each ingredient represent (sadness, happiness, anger, fear, rebuff and surprise).The different tastes, symbolises the fact that life is a mixture of different experiences. Cavadee corn juice is prepared. Agriculture in mauritius The production of rum is common throughout the island. citation needed Sugar berate was first introduced on the island when the Dutch colonised it in 1638. Even then, th e propensity of making rum out of sugar cane was strongly recognised. Sugar cane was mainly cultivated for the production of arrack, a precursor to rum.Only very much later, after almost 60 years, the first proper sugar was produced. citation needed However, it was during the French and English politics that sugar production was fully exploited, which considerably contributed to the economical development of the island. citation neededIt was capital of South Dakota Charles Francois Harel who in 1850 initially proposed the concept of local distillation of rum in Mauritius. Agriculture today The agricultural sector in Mauritius is very much dominated by sugar. Ever since The cultivation of sugar was introduced by the Dutch in the 17th century, sugar and agriculture have been the backbone of the economy.Even today, in spite of tremendous efforts in industrialising and diversifying the economy, sugar remains an inwrought component. Though in terms of foreign earnings, it has been ove rtaken by both the export of wearing apparel and tourism, in terms of plus value and involvement it is of the greatest importance. The importance of sugar and other agricultural activities to the island can be gauged by the simple fact that around 45% of the island is covered with sugar cane fields and about 4% is for other diverse agricultural activities.In the 60s there were about 25 sugar factories, by 1990 it had dropped to 19, in 1995 there were 17 left and in 2001 there were scarce 16 still operating. But today it has been centralised. That is there is only iv sugar factoriesone in the north south east and westside on the island.The vegetable crops that produced in Mauritius are , maize, onion, garlic, potato, tomatoes, carrots,chiles, green leafy vegetables, egg plants. There are also herbs like thym, mint, parsely and corriander. the local fruits that are produced are pineapple, letchis, mangoes, papaya, goyavas . hese fuits and vegetable are mostly sold freshly in the market place but those that are sold in the hypermarket maynot be fresh at times. Some people in mauritius prefer growing vegetables for their own consuption and this can help them to save and also assure them that the vegetables are fresh. The factors that affect the crops is mostly the weather. The fruits and vegetable can be sold at cheaper prices if they are in season. But it become rather expensive when the crops have been badly touch by acyclone or when it is off season.

Academic Research Akunna Onyedum

ASPECTS OF THE PHONOLOGY OF GUNGANCHI LANGUAGE BABATUNDE, Oluwatobi Olayemi 07/15CB045 A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS AND NIGERIAN LANGUAGES, FACULTY OF ARTS, UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN ILORIN NIGERIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS (B. A. Hons) IN LINGUISTICS MAY, 2011. CERTIFICATION This essay has been read and approved as face-off the require make believeforcets of plane section of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. _________________________________________________ DR. (MRS. ) B. E. AROKOYODATE Project Supervisor ________________________________________________ PROF. A. S. ABDUSSALAMDATE Head of Department _________________________________________________ EXTERNAL EXAMINERDATE DEDICATION This projection work is dedicated to the Almighty God, the substantial and Omega, who gives wisdom and excellence. My d stiletto heel father, Engr. O. A. Falade, who h as been there for me up till this time. You argon my hero. whitethorn God reward you. ACKNOLWEDGEMENTS My profound gratitude goes to the Lord for seeing me by means of and by dint of my studies at the University of Ilorin. He has been the Alpha and Omega, my help, inspiration and the source of k without delayledge and wisdom.He but deserves my appreciation. Also, my gratitude goes to my lovely p bents, ENGR. AND MRS. O. A. FALADE for their love, cargon, advice, guidance and for providing for exclusively my educational needs. The Almighty God forget grant you long life, and enable you to reap the fruits of your labour (Amen). You atomic cast 18 the trounce p atomic number 18nts in the world, I love you dearly. I a want respect the colossal efforts of my able supervisor, Dr. (Mrs. ) B. E. Arokoyo, who guided me through in my interrogation work, she gave me her time and maternal assistance despite the inconvenience. May the Lord be with you and reward you (Amen). I in w hatever parapraxis take account all my lecturers.I want to in addition appreciate the love and prayers of my kid br separate BABATUNDE JOHN TEMITOPE. And my aunts Mrs. O. Y. Phi spinal column talks and Miss Olushola Faniyi. I too want to appreciate the effort of Ogunbiyi Abayomi. You all pack been wonderful. My sincere gratitude goes to my exhibitant sensible Labbo Alkali who helped me in acquiring all necessary tuition about Gunganchi. May the Lord reward you richly (Amen). Also, I appreciate my fri terminuss Bak be Bimbo, Olagbenro Bola, Dikko Oluwaseun, Adebayo Funke, Saka Tokunbo, Ogunbowale Tobi, Adekoya Oluwaseun, Ajagunna Gideon, Ba middle(prenominal)dleele Bukola, Oyeniran Gbolagade Adebayo Adewale.I also appreciate the effort of my pastor, Pastor Tunde and those who have in whizz direction or the opposite contributed to the success of this research. Thank you all. postp geniusness OF CONTENTS Title Pagei Certificationii Dedicationiii Acknowledgements iv Tabl e of Contentsvi CHAPTER ONE 1. 0Introduction 1 1. 1General minimise1 1. 2Historical Background of Gunganchi People2 1. 3Sociocultural Background or Profile of the Gunganchi People4 1. 4Genetic Classification of Gunganchi10 1. 5Scope and Organization of Study 11 1. 6Data Collection12 1. 7Data Analysis13 1. 8Review of the elect Theoretical Framework13 CHAPTER TWO BASIC PHONOLOGICAL CONCEPTS . 0Introduction 21 2. 1Phonology21 2. 2Sound enrolment of Gunganchi24 2. 3Phonological Description of Gunganchi agreeables and their Distribution 28 2. 4Vowels42 2. 5Distribution of Vowels45 2. 6Distribution of Nasalized Vowels51 2. 7Tonal Inventory54 2. 8Syllable Inventory 56 2. 9Distinctive Features 59 CHAPTER one-third PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN GUNGANCHI 3. 0Introduction 70 3. 1Phonological Processes70 CHAPTER FOUR TONAL PROCESSES AND SYLLABLE PROCESSES 4. 0Introduction 78 4. 1 dance step carcass in Gunganchi78 4. 2Functions of beef up in Gunganchi82 4. 3Tonal Processes83 4. 4Syllable men tal synthesis85 4. 5Syllable organize Rule in Gunganchi89CHAPTER five SUMMARY, FINDINGS/OBSERVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 5. 0Summary93 5. 1Finding/Observations94 5. 2Recommendations95 5. 3Conclusion96 References97 CHAPTER ONE 1. 0INTRODUCTION This chapter is aimed at discussing the case study of the Gungawa nation who emit Gunganchi nomenclature. It depart none their habitual background, historical background, sociocultural profile, the genetic categorisation of Gunganchi paroles. This chapter forget also discuss the scope and organization of study, the chosen a priori framework, info assembling, and the data analysis for this project work. 1. 1GENERAL BACKGROUNDThe Gunganchi mess ar a phratry that ar also called the B beshe plurality by their Hausa neighbours which manner Island D tumesceers, it was t aged they were granted this name due to their coterminousness to lakes and rivers. Among themselves, they atomic number 18 habitually called Gung awa, Tsureja, Bargonshe or Yaurawa plenty. Their spoken dustup has assorted names interchangeable Gunganchi, Tsureshe, Gunga or Tsureja and the name given to their land is all Reshe or Gungu. The present Gunganchi people ar the tribe who fled to the nearby Island of Niger in the mid nineteenth century and eventually settled in a new site called Gungu or Yelwa.The Gunganchi people atomic number 18 tell to be the original inhabitants of Yauri. During the British regime, the democracy of Yauri as an emirate and the recount of Yelwa as the seat of the amir of Yauri confirmed that some(prenominal)(prenominal) Yauri and Yelwa became Hausarized as a result of their contact with the Hausa people. Today, the Yauri people s measure loosely Hausa announceioning. The Gunganchi people lived in islets (very small islands) and shores of the Niger above Bussa until the creation of Kainji Lake in 1974 which disrupted their settlement and their breathing out perspective Kebbi Sta te. 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF GUNGANCHI large number consort to oral history, the Gunganchi people has dissentent histories that has been narrated which associated with their origin that exit be discussed below. In the nineteenth century, a numberant of a warrior called kasira who is also known as Ka raise allied with the Hausa soldiers to surmount the territory in the extreme North who later settled with his co-fighters in the present Yauri township. A innate Australian talker of Gunganchi who is known as Agmalafiya think that the Gunganchi people came from Kabbawa.He utter they were hunters from Katsina State and however explained that nearwhat people said the Gunganchi people ar from the other Yauris ethnic classifys which ar Shangawa, Kambari, Kabbawa or Sarkawa, Dukawa etc. Another history told us of their trace to the Songhai warriors who came from Mali to seek territorial control and they eventually settled in Yauri and parts of Lopa and Laru (Gunganchis neighbouring argonas). From the histories narrated above, it is obvious that the Gunganchi people has no specific history concerning their origin.They are divergent in their historical roots. 1. 2. 1Population The Gunganchi people were about forty to sixty thousand in 1993. About thrity-five percent lived outside Yauri local Government in Kebbi State, sixty percent lived in Yauri town, nine percent in Kotangora, Bussa and Borgu Local Government and one percent in Kiama Local Government force field in Kwara State. Back to 1990, the population of the spillers in Yauri were referred to as Yaurawa or Reshewa in Hausa talking to communication.According to Agmalafiya who was mentioned earlier, the Gunganchi people were called Yaurawa by Queen Amina of Zaria but generally called Gungawa among the Gunganchi in Diaspora and sometimes call themselves Bareshe, which is the plural, or Ureshe, which is the singular. 1. 3SOCIOCULTURAL BACKGROUND OR PROFILE OF THE GUNGANCHI PEOPLE According to the Oxford Advanced Leaners Dictionary, culture is the way of life, the custom and beliefs, art and social organization of a particular country or group. The Gunganchi people have a social and cultural profile that is standardised to that of their neighbouring ethnic group, Hausa.It is said that their lifestyle is centered on the Emirates system. The Gunganchi people have their sociocultural beliefs which are expressed in their culture, mode of stuffing, occupation, religion, fiestas, coupling system, naming ceremony, burial ceremony, their education system and political administration. 1. 3. 1Culture The Bareshe (Gunganchi) people are high- staggeredly cultured which reflect in their mode of dressing, greetings, occupation and bole adornment like decorating the womans legs with tattoos and heavy tribal marks on her face during the wedding ceremony. . 3. 2Mode of Dressing The Gunganchi peoples mode of dressing in the olden days is different from their dressing in these mo d days. In the olden days, they apply to dress in animal skin, temporary hookup in these modern days, they dress in Banbariga which is the traditional dress for men enchantment the women dress in loose covered clothing with a local embroidery scarf which is tied around the womans body to wade off the sun. They are nearly dressed in loose robe for sleep. 1. 3. 3 Occupation The Gunganchi people are mostly farmers and seekermen.Their major crops are guinea feed, beans, rice, and onions while the fishing equipment which is a fish cage is called Suru and Hauwuya in Gunganchi discourseing. The people are also known for their boat and mat fashioning. 1. 3. 4 piety The Gunganchi people are mostly Muslims and fewer traditional worshippers and very little Christians. 1. 3. 5Festivals The festivals do in Gunganchi are called Anipo festival and Idembe. Festival. The blood of animals like goat or bushmeat is employ as sacrifices to their gods during the festival.During the festiva l, a round seat is created by the people when eating. such(prenominal) sittings are also fleshed at events like wedding, naming ceremony, sallah festival and at relaxation joints. 1. 3. 6 Marriage arranging of the Gunganchi People The Gunganchi has a distinct way by which marriage is done. It shows a lazy man apprisenot unite all(prenominal) Gunganchi dame because marriage is said to be a bit baffling most especially for the men. Firstly, a man essential in counterfeit his parents if he is in love with a lady. then(prenominal), the mans parents moldiness shambling their sons interest known to the ladys parents.He go forth then farm for the ladys family he intends to marry from forward giving their consent. The farming length is not specified, the man is said to stop the farming when ladys father is satisfied and the utmost consent will be given to the mans family. The ladys family will then inform his relatives formally about their filles courtship with the man onw ard the wedding date is chosen. According to Muauzu, the marriage or engagement ceremony is based on Islamic rites whereby the bride price (Zadaki) will be paid. The bride will be decorated with tattoos on her legs and heavy tribal marks on her face.Foods eaten at the ceremony are guinea corn pap, which is served in the morning and rice with fish dope and burukutu is served at dusk. Their sitting position is related to that of the festivals as mentioned earlier they sit round a dish of guinea corn pap on a mat, their sitting culture is the aforementioned(prenominal) with the Hausas. Hence, the Gunganchi people inter marry with the Hausas. 1. 3. 7Naming Ceremony The Gunganchi do their naming ceremony seven days later on the minors birth and its hair will be shaved. Rice or guinea corn pap is served at the ceremony with people sitting round the food. therefore, the child will be circumcised after ten years. 1. 3. 8Burial Ceremony Like most tribes, the Gunganchi celebrate the dec ease of aged person and mourn the death of a young person. They tushvas sudden or unusual death by consulting the oracle called Gigo (true god) or Ujigo (a god of thunder and rain). The oracle will make the spirit of the decedent to revenge for his or her death by killing the person who is prudent for his or her death. However, this practice is peculiar to the local or extreme Gunganchi people. 1. 3. 9Education SystemThe Gunganchi value the Western education, they give education to both their male and womanish children. They have schools they also make use of their personal accommodates as schools. 1. 3. 10 Political Administration The Gunganchi adopted the system of their neighboring tribe (Hausa) which is the Emirates system because it is a multi-ethnic area that consist Yelwa, Lopa, Yauri, Laru people which co-exist with them. The Emirs palace is situated in Yelwa, thus, the Gunganchi are the outgrowth settlers in Yauri. The appointed Emir is the ruler of all the ethnic gr oups under Yauri.During the British regime, recognition was given to the Yauri emirate and Gungu (Island) district of the Yauri Local Government which are now the center of Reshe (Gunganchi) population. In the political administration of the Gunganchi people, succession is not by hereditary because the Emir must be appointed, despite the fact that a Gunganchi man was the first Emir of Yauri. The Emir must have some qualities before he do-nothing be appointed, like he must be an elderly person, famous and respected among the ethnic groups made up of Yauri.When a new Emir is appointed, turbaning will be done as a sign of leadership. The Emir rules the territory with his local chiefs called Sariki in areas like Gungunsariki, Banha, Rekubolo, Toro, Zamari, Jalubabu etc. Presently, the Local Government Chairman is responsible for the executive work on of Yauri and other governmental activities are executed by the Kebbi State Government. However, most of the Gunganchi people are bilingu al, (they speak both Gunganchi and Hausa) but the majority speaks Gunganchi at home especially the youths. consequently, the speech communication of the emirate is Hausa with high prestige. . 4GENETIC CLASSIFICATION OF GUNGANCHI Genetic potpourri is the sub-grouping of all relevant wordings into genetic nodes (group of run-ins in separately of which one words is to a greater extent closely related to the other in that group than to any vocabulary outside the group). The basis for genetic miscellanea is the idea that group of languages that share certain systemic resemblances have inherited those similarities from a common origin. Thus, genetic classification makes 2 statements. First, it affirms that certain languages are infact related to each other (i. e. hare a common ancestor). Second, it specifies how the languages are interrelated in the form of a branching diagram. Gunganchi language falls under the Niger-Kordofanian language family. African Language Afro-AsiaticNige r KordofanianNilo SaharanKhoisan Mande refreshed Benue Congo AtlanticVolta Congo Kordofanian OkoDefoidKainjiIdomoidEdoidWolof Western KainjiEastern Kainji KamukuKainji LakeGunganchi (Gungawa)KambariBassaLopa 1. 5SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF tuition This work is limited to the aspects of the phonology of Gunganchi language and it is divided into five chapters.Chapter one deals with the introductory part, which includes the general background, historical background, sociocultural profile of Gunganchi people, genetic classification of Gunganchi language, scope and organization of study, data collection, data analysis and the retrospect of the chosen theoretical framework. Chapter twain deals with the basic phonologic concepts that involves the impenetrable stock certificate of Gunganchi language whereby the accented inventory and syllable inventory of the language of study shall be discussed and the toilsome distributions which includes distinctive larks.Chapter common chord is based on the phonologic abutes found in Gunganchi language. thence, chapter four will focus on the brisk and syllable cognitive operationes of Gunganchi language. Chapter five will summarize and conclude the work. 1. 6DATA COLLECTION In this research work, the method used for our data collection is the direct translation method from side language to the project language which is Gunganchi based on the Ibadan 400 wordlist. thither was a direct interview with the language helper, thus, data elicitation was carried out with the wordlist record on audio cassette.Informants Data NameCorporal Labbo Alkali OccupationSoldier Age 40 years ReligionMuslim Languages spoken apart from Gunganchi Hausa and incline Number of years spent in Reshe (Gunganchi) 20 years 1. 7DATA ANALYSIS To ensure an accurate data analysis in this research work, all the data collected were carefully and correctly written, opinion marked and transcribed. The data collected were used consort to how the native s peaker used them without imposing any extra rules or norms. 1. REVIEW OF THE CHOSEN THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The framework adopted for this research work is Generative Phonology, which was developed by Chomsky and Halle in the early fifties it is a component of generative grammar. This framework assigns the correct phonetic standards to utterances in much(prenominal)(prenominal) a way as to reflect a native speakers internalized grammar. According to Oyebade (2008 9), Generative Phonology is a likely action which is built on the insight of taxonomic phonemics even while remodeling the focus of phonologic analysis.The major motivation for this theoretical framework was the jar mingled with theoretical impudences and linguistic data under the theory of real (taxonomic) phonemics. Generative phonology took off at maximum speed in the 1960s, next the works of Chomsky and Halle (published in 1968 as Sound Pattern of side (SPE). This theory argues that the taxonomic approach of c lassical phonemics was not able sufficient to address appropriately the phenomenon of human speech.The proponents of this new school of phonology suggest that an adequate theory of phonology must account for a) The phenomenon of language acquisition b) The puzzling fact that man can still watch the speech of other even when this speech is defective and c) The native speakers intuition about the physical make-up of the speech of his language. 1. 8. 1The coordinate of Generative Phonology Generative phonology assumes three very polar components the key representation, the phonetic representation and the rules which link the two together that is called the phonologic rules.These components will be reviewed below. 1. 8. 1. 1Underlying Representation Oyebade (2008 12) assumes vestigial representation to be an schema representation existing in the linguistic competency of the native speaker. The underlying representation is the most basic form of a word before any phonologica l rules have been applied to it. Underlying representation shows what a native speaker knows about the abstract underlying phonology of the language. At this direct, items with invariant essence have like representation.The underlying representation is also known as the phonological representation, thus, the ability (competence) of a native speaker to compute a sentence is referred to as the phonological representation and this competence can be scientifically investigated. at that place is an assumption of an underlying level where there is a one-to-one correspondence amid form and meaning and which is exactly the same from one competent speaker to other which explains the puzzling reaction of children in the acquisition process.Since the child shares the same competence (and therefore the same underlying representation) as the adult, it is reasonable to assume that the child will expect the same output as the adult will expect. The child whitethorn not be able to produce su ch an output since his production capability is slower in the acquisition process than his competence. The assumption of an underlying representation which accounts for the rapid processing of defective arousal. two interlocutors have a shared competence which is accurate and invariant the decoder part participant thus has a proto subject with which he can restructure the defective utterance of the encoder. Also, the underlying representation has the property of macrocosm encoded in distinctive brags (these features will be discussed in the next chapter). This assumption is motivated by the fact that language seems to target these features in making its choices rather than segments. 1. 8. 1. 2 The phonic Representation The phonetic representation is the form of a word that is spoken and heard. It is also known as the stand up level.Phonological structure reflects the linguistic competence of the native speaker to compute a phonetic representation for the potentially infinite n umber of sentences generated by the syntactic component of the grammar. We can say that there is no speaker of a language that has heard all the sentences in his language but speaker has the ability to understand any sentence heard. Phonetic representation indicates how the lexical item is to be realized in speech. It is characterized by head of narrowness such that, at the very least, any two laboreds that are distinguished in any human language are differently represented.Generative phonology seems to consider this level as being trivial and not worth too much attention except, perchance as a source for the verification and meetification of the proposed underlying representation. 1. 8. 13 Phonological Rules Phonological rules map underlying representation onto phonological representations. They delete, insert, or change segments, or change the features of segments. They are said to show the derivational sequence or path of an item in its journey from the underlying level to t he phonetic level. They must be able to buzz off the phonological phenomenon in the simplest form.There are two types of rules in phonological rules feature changing rules and succor rules. The feature changing rules change the features of the input to that of the output. However, the other kind of rules called fill-in rules are rules, as the name implies, which fill in empty slots. Phonological rules have to be precise in a scientific account of linguistic phenomena. It was therefore suggested that the rules should have their own format. For face, a rule can say insert a high front end vowel between a cluster of agreeables and we can have another(prenominal) rule which says insert a high front vowel after a word-final harmonised.These rules can be formalized thus a. O(i/C____C b. O(i/C____ As you can observe from the formalization of the two rules, they are identical in input and output. Furtherto a greater extent, they have a lot of similarities in the milieu. If the rules are left like this, that is, as two separate rules, the implied claim will be that these are two separate and distinct processes. This is intuitively incorrect and it loses a linguistically significant generalization. These two rules can then be collapsed into one and to capture the linguistically significant fact that we are dealing with the same process.Thus (a) and (b) can be combined as in (c) below C c. O(i/C&8212&8212 that is, a high front vowel is inserted either between two harmonicals or after a harmonized at word final position. In phonological rules, billal devices are applied. They are conventions which make it achievable to combine distinct but related phonological rules in a individual(a) statement rules may be collapsed in this way provided if they involve the same process. In other nomenclature, billal devices are abbreviation conventions aimed at reducing several rules into one. The purpose is to present more economically the facts of language.There are n otational devices like brace notation (), angled bracket notation (), variable features or alpha notation ((), multiple variable notation ((,(, ? , etc. ). The role of these devices is to make it possible for the phonologists to precisely and unambiguously state in rule form and the process that is taking place in language when a pattern is spy. Secondly, it makes linguistiscally significant generalizations and claims about the way language works. Finally, and perhaps most trivially, it provides a shorthand abbreviatory method by which a complex process can be captured as briefly as possible.CHAPTER TWO BASIC PHONOLOGICAL CONCEPTS 2. 0INTRODUCTION This chapter is based on the phonology of Gunganchi language. The level-headed inventory which involves the tonal inventory and the syllable inventory will be discussed. It also focuses on the sound distribution of Gunganchi language where the distinctive features will be discussed. 2. 1PHONOLOGY According to Davenport and Hannahs (2005 2), phonology deals with how speech sounds are organized into system for each individual language for example how the sounds can be combined, the relations between them and how they affect each other.In phonology, the root phone relates to voice, sound and logos which means word speech originates from the Greek spoken language. Phonology as a subfield of linguistics is the study of the rules behind the way sounds encode meaning in language. Also, it is the study of sounds and patterns in a language. It can be said that phonology seeks to discern the sounds made in all human languages. In addition, phonology studies how sounds alternate that is the stripped meaningful sounds which are PHONEMES. However, phonemes are sets of phones, which usance as one unit in a language, and provide logical argument between different haggle.It is also a sound segment of lecture or syllables. In human language, a phoneme is the smallest structural unit that distinguishes meaning. The phonemic in ventory of a language is the set of phonemes it possesses. In the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabets), phonemes are conventionally en closed(a) in forward sashes (//) and speech sounds that are not phonemes are placed in brackets ( ). For example, the /t/ sound in the English words tip, stand, cat and water are conceived of as being the same sound, despite the fact that in each word they are pronounced somewhat differently the difference may not even be audible to native speakers.One of the most important tools for examining phonemes is the minimal pair which means different words but differ as a result of one sound, that is, a pair of words which differ only in one segment. In a minimal pair, one can be sure that the difference between words is phonemic in nature, because the segments in question are surround by the same environment and this cannot be allophones of each other. Examples of minimal pair in Gunganchi are ut(itree at(i firewood hinacow winatail uretaright(side) upet amedicine kwubanohopen kwubalohclose itamiapush igamiasweep A phoneme may encompass several perceptible different speech sounds called PHONES. In phonetics, the smallest perceptible segment is a phone. In the examples stated earlier, the /t/ in tip is aspirated th, while the /t/ in stand is unaspirated t. Thus, phones that belong to the same phonemes are called allophones such as th and t are allophones of the phoneme /t/ given in the examples given earlier. Allophones are often conditioned by their environment.For example, the English phoneme /t/ is realized as a accost r between vowels in normal speech when not preceeding a express vowel as in butter. In a case like this we can say that the stop t and tap r which are allophones of the phoneme /t/ are in complementary distribution, as every environment selects for either one or the other, and the allophones themselves may be referred to as complementary color DISTRIBUTION. 2. 2SOUND INVENTORY OF GUNGANCHI Human sounds can be g rouped into two basic classes whereby they are found in Gunganchi. They are 1. Consonants 2. Vowels 2. . 1Consonants Consonants are sounds produced with an obstructionist of the air passage somewhere along the vocal tract. A consonant in terms of sound production is a sound which is stymy in some way by the tongue or lip contact e. g. in Gunganchi, sounds like /k/, /p/ as in /k/(ka? inareply /p/(putetaforget as opposed to the unobstructed sound of a vowel. Consonant sounds require a certain degree of constriction of the vocal tract in their production, therefore, at some point, diverting, obstructive or land uply shutting off the airflow of air in the oral cavity.This constriction of the vocal tract may involve complete closure or partial closure. In terms of the sound system, the consonant is a sound that typically go throughs at the beginning or end of the syllable rather than in the middle of it, thus contrasting with vowels. Thus, the organs of speech that obstruct at som e point in the oral cavity are known as the articulators. From the glottis, past the velum, the hard palate and dental consonant ridge and the tongue, to the teeth and lips.The consonant sounds are classified by a) give tongue to b) Place of spliff c) Manner of articulation 2. 2. 1. 1 Voicing Consonants may be voiced or voiceless. As the airstream comes to or from the lungs, it passes through the opening between the glottis. If the vocal cords are open, the air passes through without obstruction and the sounds that are made in this way, are described as voiceless. If the vocal cords closed, then the air passing through the glottis causes them to vibrate producing voiced sounds. several(prenominal) of the consonant sounds in Gunganchi come in pairs that differ in being voiced or voiceless e. g. /b/ and /p/ ( /b/ is voiced and /p/ is the voiceless consonant in one pair. /k/ and /g/ are found in another pair, /k/ is voiceless and the voiced sound is /g/. Also, it applied to /d/ and /t/, /d/ is voiced while /t/ is the voiceless consonant which forms another pair. 2. 2. 1. 2 Place of Articulation It is the point of articulation where both the active and passive articulators meet or contact to produce the coveted consonant.hither, we have to do with the position of the tongue and lips. The places of articulation in Gunganchi are bilabial, dental consonant palato-alveolar, velar, labial-velar, palatal, glottal, palatalized velars and alveolar, labialized-alveolar and velars. 2. 2. 1. 3 Manner of Articulation Manner of articulation makes reference to the type of stricture which the articulators are making to produce the consonant sounds. The obstructions made may be total, intermittent, partial or narrow enough to cause friction.The manners of articulation in Gunganchi are stop, nasal, fricative, affricate, trill, lateral and approximant. However, it is sight that there is the presence of consonant clusters in Gunganchi language that is consonants fallring to gether side by side e. g. riaddamatchet ubalkarimale kwa take(one thing) Thus, the consonants attested in Gunganchi are /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /tw/ /dw/ /dj/ /k/ /g/ /kw/ /gw/ kj/ /gj/ /gb/ /r/ /m/ /n/ /s/ /z/ /(/ /h/ /hj/ /ts/ /t(/ /? // /l/ /j/ /w/ /r/. 2. 2. 2. 1 Gunganchi Consonant Chart Bilabial Alveolar Labialized Palatalize Palate-alveolar Palatal Velar alveolar alveolar High + - - - - - + Low - - - + - - - rundle - - - - + + + ATR + + - - - + + 2. 9. 4Segment Redundancy for Gunganchi ConsonantsRedundancy is the commandment that helps in predicting some features from the presence of other features thus, the feature that predicts the feature of the other is said to be redundant. Gunganchi language attest to a number of features that are completely predictable at all stages of derivation. All the redundant features are expressed as fill-in rule or if then. However, the output of the phonological components must specify all feature in such a way that it indicates necessar y features used in derivation. i)If+ syll Then+ son cons ii)If+ cons Then+ voice strid iii)If+ ant Then+ cons iv)If+ nas Then- cont strid + voice + son 2. 9. 5Segment Redundancy for Gunganchi Vowels i e ( a ? o u High + - (-) (-) (-) - + Low (-) - - + (-) (-) (-) Round - - - (-) + + + ATR (+) + - (-) - + (+) All of the predictable redundancies can be expressed as fill-in rules which are also called if then segment structure constraints as done for consonants above. i)If+ high Then- low ii)If+ low Then- high iii)If+ high Then+ ATR iv) If+ round Then- low v)If+ low Then- round vi)If+ low Then- ATR vii)If+ ATR Then- low viii)If- ATR Then- highHowever, redundancies come from any of two sources the first is the set out to express the physiologic possibilities (or impossibilities) of the vocal organs. For example, the constraints if + high then - low makes the claim that the tongue cannot be increase and lowered at the same time. In other words, if the tongue is raised then it is not lowered and if it is lowered then it is not raised. Since the physiological possibilities of the human vocal tract is universal to all human beings, this type of redundancy is a universal one. The second source comes from the fact that languages do not always maximally utilize all combinatorial possibilities logically expected when features come together. CHAPTER THREE PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN GUNGANCHI 3. INTRODUCTION This chapter will be discussing the phonological processes found in Gunganchi language. 3. 1PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES Phonological processes are sound modifications motivated by the need to maintain euphony in a language or to rectify violations of well-formedness constraints in the production of an utterance. (Oyebade 2008 61). Segments are either within the same morpheme or at morpheme boundary under different conditions may undergo certain changes. Therefore, these changes are known as phonological processes. Environment within which sounds occur may affect changes. The phonological processes in Gunganchi are 3. 1. 1AssimilationAccording to Oyebade (2008 63), assimilation is when two contiguous sounds which have different modes of production become identical in some or all of the features of their production. Assimilation is the modification of sounds in the direction of greater similarity to the touch phonological environment (Langacker 1972 270). Assimilation may be either partial or total. Tonal assimilation is the converting of the changing segment to become identical to other segment and assimilation may be partial such that only some features of the changing consonant (or vowel) becomes identical with that of the initiating segment. Examples of assimilation in Gunganchi ugikaugjkabagIn the above example, the voiced velar stop bears the feature high of the vowel i. It is observed that when the voiced velar stop occur before a high unrounded front vowel, it becomes palatalized which shows assimilation has taken place. cont+ syll ant(high__________- back cor- round + voice+ high unununumouth anuhinanuhiteeth In the examples above, vowels take on the feature of the alveolar nasal. Thus, vowel becomes nasalized before alveolar nasal. + syll- cont -cons(+ nas__________+ ant + cor + nas 3. 1. 2Vowel Elision Vowel elision is another common phonological process. According to Oyebade (2008 69), vowels are usually deleted when two or more vowels occur across morpheme boundary.When such an occurrence is introduced by morphological processes, the language may choose to drop the first or the second of the contiguous vowels. Examples in Gunganchi are itsuriaakatua(itsuriakatua buy enclothebuy (a) shoe ikabiauwapo ( ikabiuwapo money househouse rent However, it is observed that low back unrounded vowels are deleted at morpheme boundary if the next morpheme begins with a vowel. + syll+ syll + low(O___________- cons + back round 3. 1. 3Labialisation Labialisation is the super-imposition of liprounding on a segment in s uch a way that the feature of a vowel now attaches to the consonant articulated (Oyebade 2008 66).Examples of labializationin Gunganchi language are utw? haear rotwuaneck abakjrdwolaanimal ndwuwaperson The alveolar stops t and d that are not naturally, they labialized take on the feature of the rounded vowels. We can therefore, say that alveolar stops become labialized before back rounded vowels. cont+ syll + ant(lab_____________+ back + cor+ rounded Other examples of labialization are igbagwua pepper ugwohuakolanut ribulukwucooking alokwotwosnail It is also observed that velar stops k and g become labialized before back rounded vowels. cont+ syll ant(+lab_____________+ back cor+ round 3. 1. 4PalatalisationAccording to Oyebade (2009 65), palatalisation is the super-imposition of tongue raising on a segment. Here are examples in Gunganchi language ugjikabag akjikwamillet inagjipull gjiranadescend In the above examples, velar stops are palatalized before high vowel. cont+ syll a nt(+ high_____________+ high cor 3. 1. 5Insertion Oyebade (2008 74) states that Insertion is a phonological process whereby an extraneous divisor not present originally is introduced into the utterance usually to break up unwanted sequence. Examples in Gunganchi are shown below. upowabetatsunia(upowabetatsunia ten +one xi upowabetat(zuwa(upowabetat(zuwa ten +sixsixteen alosobetatsunia(alosobetatsunia twenty +onetwenty one alosobetajisoh(alosobetajisoh twenty +twotwenty two 1. 3. 6Nasalisation Nasalisation is a process whereby an oral segment acquires nasality from a neighbouring segment (Katamba 1989 93). Nasalisation is significant in Gunganchi, for instance matsunih? surpass ijisee tsunia one udaga stick Therefore, vowels become nasalised before alveolar nasal, that is + syll- cont cons(+ nas_____________+ ant + cor + nas CHAPTER FOUR TONAL PROCESSES AND SYLLABLE PROCESSES 4. 0INTRODUCTION This Chapter will be discussing the banknote system and the processes found in Gunganchi language.It will also focus on the syllable processes in Gunganchi language. 4. 1TONE SYSTEM IN GUNGANCHI Davenport and Hannahs (2005 84-85) states that In many languages, pitch sportsman is used to distinguish one word from another. Languages which use pitch in this way are known as facial expression languages, and the individual pitch patterns associated with words or syllables are known as fortifys. According to Carlos and Haike (2005 12), lumber languages used pitch contrasts to keep words apart in the same way that languages use vowel and consonant for this purpose. Tone is the differentiation of two words with the same segmental presentation with the use of its pitch.And a language is said to be a feel language when the differences in word meaning are signaled by the differences in pitch. Tone is essentially a property of individual syllables or words and also it is typically used as a way of distinguishing between items at word level (such as minimal pairs, words which are identical except for one component). 4. 1. 1Tone Typologies There are two categories of tone a. Level tones b. mannikin tones 4. 1. 1. 1 Level Tones The tones whereby the pitch is maintained at the same rate for the duration of the syllable are known as level tones (Davenport and Hannahs 2005 85). Level tones are high, mid and low tones. These tones may occur on all syllables.The high tone is indicated by an acute accent (/), the low tone is marked with a grade accent () and the mid tone is represented as (-) or unmarked. Thus, the mid tone is not marked in Gunganchi. 4. 1. 1. 2 Contour Tones According to Davenport and Hannahs (2005 85), contour tones are tones exhibiting pitch variation during their production. Contour tones consists of the locomote tone () which is a tone that starts high and end low, and the rising tone (V) which starts low and end high. Contour tones only appear on monosyllables and on the final syllables of disyllabic words. 4. 1. 2Tonal Pattern in Gungan chi Gunganchi is a tone language and it is a level tone language which attests to the high, low and mid tones. all(prenominal) syllable of Gunganchi language bears a tone.Examples of words that bears the high tone in Gunganchi are kwatake(one thing) ? w? sun ribathing Occurrence of low tones in Gunganchi language can be shown in the following examples djahere riaddamatchet Occurrences of mid tones in Gunganchi are alahagw? mijaw wurumoon ajabaplantain However, there are two or more words in Gunganchi language which have exactly the same consonants and vowels but have different meaning because of a difference in contrastive pitch. These are referred to as tonemes that contrast minimally. For instance rotwuaneckHHH rotwuabelly(externall)HHM kwubalohcover(in hand)HLH kwubalohcloseHML Co-occurrence of tones in GunganchiIn Gunganchi, the low, high and mid tones co-occur. There is the co-occurrence of the low and mid tones, examples are ol? hanose t(ib? town hia(idust Examples of the co- occurrence of high, mid and low tones in Gunganchi are hirokwa clam ibulukw? he goat alakana(afour hundred 4. 2. 1 Functions of Tone in Gunganchi Tone performs two distinct scats, they are a) Lexical function b) grammatical function 4. 2. 1. 1 Lexical Function Tone can be used to differentiate lexical items that have identical segments. For example in Gunganchi kwubalohcover (in hand)HLH kwubalohcloseHML rotwuabelly(external)HHM rotwuaneckHHHNote that the different tonemes have resulted in the differences in the meaning of the words above. 4. 2. 1. 2 Grammatical Function Tone is also used to differentiate between different grammatical forms. But, this function is not found in Gunganchi language. 4. 3TONAL PROCESSES As with segments, tones are also circumscribed by their environment. Thus, this gives rise to tonal processes. 4. 3. 1 Tone Elision This occurs when two tones are juxtaposed across morpheme boundary and the final vowel of the first word gets elided causing the tone on it to be elided too. Examples in Gunganchi are ikabiauwapo(ikabiuwapohouse rent moneyhouse itsuriaakatua(itsuriakatua buyshoebuy(a) shoe 4. 3. 2 Tone StabilityIn relation to tone, the issue is that in tone languages, we find that when a vowel desyllabifies or is deleted by some phonological rules, the tone it was bearing does not disappear, rather, it shifts its location and shows up on some other vowel. (Goldsmith197630). Example of tone stability in Gunganchi ubula alokat(i ( ubulalokat(i rainy season raintime 4. 3. 3 Tone cattle ranch This is a tonal process whereby there are more segments than tone, the tone will then spread to the segment as it is a must that the segments bear tone. This process is not found in Gunganchi language. 4. 3. 4 rootless Tone Oyebade (2008 15) says that during derivation, segment is specified for tone but merges with vowel, thus, passing its tonal specification to that vowel. Gunganchi does not have floating tone. 4. 3. 4 Tone concretionThis is wh en tone segmentalization creates two identical tones on the same syllable, the two identical tones are contracted to give only one. Gunganchi language does not attest to this tonal process. However, it is observed that there is the case of nasal consonant that bears tone. Such nasal is referred to as a syllabic nasal because it is interpreted as a vowel that carries a tone. Examples of this in Gunganchi are nduwaperson nduwakabiold person In the words above, the nasal n bears the high tone which makes it to function the way other vowels functions. 4. 4SYLLABLE STRUCTURE The syllable is a supra-segmental unit. It can be comfortably recognized in a language.Davenport and Hannahs (2005 73) states that One such articulatorily based attempt at the definition involves the notion of a bureau pulse or initiator burst, that is, a tidy contraction in the chest (involving the lungs) which corresponds to the production of a syllable each syllable, on this view, involves one burst of muscular energy. Williamson (1984) defines the syllable as the smallest unit of language which can be pronounced. It is a unit of sound made up of one or more segments during which there is a single chest pulse and a single peak of sonority. Hyman (1975 188) states that a syllable is made up of an onset, and a core. And the core is further divided into a peak and stopping point. However, a syllable is divided into three parts 1) The onset 2) The core or nucleus 3) The finish The syllable can be represented thus Syllable OnsetCorePeak (Nucleus)Coda C V(C) This can be illustrated in the example in Gunganchi below joh stand (up) ( OnsetCore ConsonantPeakCoda (Nucleus) JVowel(Consonant) ( h The syllable coda and onset are made up of consonant segments while the peak is made up of vowel segment and syllabic consonants. The peak is an obligatory part of the syllable, thus, there must be a peak. The onset (beginning) and coda (end) which usually consist of consonant(s) are optional parts of the syllable. Each syllable carries at least one significant unit of tone in tonal languages. 4. 4. 1 Types of Syllable A syllable can be either an open syllable or closed syllable.It is language specific some languages may exhibit either of the two syllable types while some languages make use of the two (open and closed syllables) like Gunganchi language. 4. 4. 1. 1Open Syllable This is a syllable in which words end in a vowel, it is a syllable without the coda. Examples in Gunganchi are ububaleaf akahojvillage babichildren hilelioelephant 4. 4. 1. 2 closed(a) Syllable Closed syllable is a syllable typology that has at least one consonant following the vowel or closing the nucleus. Examples are lakapitwohold(opp. new) kakawpour rimonohwork Gunganchi attests to both the open and closed syllable. 4. 5SYLLABLE STRUCTURE RULE IN GUNGANCHI This is the rule that states the possible sequence of sounds or segment in a syllable.Words differ with regard to the number of syllables contained in t hem. Some words have just one syllable, others may have two or more, hence, words are classified as being monosyllabic, disyllabic, trisyllabic and polysyllabic depending on how many syllable(s) such words have. The syllable structures in Gunganchi are CV VCV N- Syllable construction Cw- Syllable Structure Cj- Syllable Structure 4. 5. 1 CV-Syllable Structure The CV-syllable structure is the most common type of syllable structure in Gunganchi. It is mostly found in monosyllabic and disyllabic or trisyllabic and polysyllabic. 4. 5. 1. 1 CV-Structure in Monosyllabic Monosyllabic is a word having a single syllable.For instance, in Gunganchi djahere 4. 5. 1. 2 CV-Structure in disyllabic Disyllabic is a word consisting of two syllables. For example nanacome ribathing riwo clay hinobee 4. 5. 1. 3 CV-Structure in Trisyllabic A word consisting of three syllables is called trisyllabic. Examples of such words in Gunganchi language are rihamafood rirogwocassava rigwulaknife hi(aho vend 4. 5. 1 . 4 CV-Structure in Polysyllabic Polysyllabic is a word consisting of more than three syllables. Examples in Gunganchi language are ribulukwucooking hamatsaromaize rit(at(? puachin ri(iteitwohat/cap 4. 5. 2 VCV-Syllable StructureExamples of VCV-syllable structure in Gunganchi language are illustrated below uwidie ut(aguest(stranger) ubichild ut? father 4. 5. 3 N-Syllable Structure This type of syllable is a syllabic-nasal. It will be interpreted as a vowel because like a vowel, the syllabic nasal carries at tone. In Gunganchi, examples are nduwaperson nduwakabiold person ndukamiman 4. 5. 4 Cw-Syllable Structure The CwV structure in Gunganchi includes the following hitsokwutsoguinea fowl ukwuluroom mutwoashes 4. 5. 5 Cj-Syllable Structure Examples in Gunganchi language are inagjipull (ikjitwolearn gjiranadescend CHAPTER FIVESUMMARY, FINDINGS/OBSERVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 5. 0SUMMARY This research work has examined the phonological aspects of Gunganchi language. Words a re said to be well-patterned and the principles of well-formedness are followed. The method used for the data collection in this research work is the direct translation method from English language to Gunganchi language based on the Ibadan 400 word-list. There was a direct interview with the informant, thus, data elicitation was carried out. The essence of using the informative data is to be able to make linguistically significant generalizations. This project work is divided into five chapters.Chapter one is the introductory part which dealt with the general background of Gunganchi people, their sociocultural profile, genetic classification of the language, the scope and organization of study, review of the chosen theoretical framework, data collection and data analysis. Chapter two of this work examined the basic phonological concepts. The sound inventory which involves the tonal inventory and syllable inventory of Gunganchi language was discussed, also, their sound distributions whereby the distinctive features was examined. The third chapter then discussed phonology itself, thus, examined the phonological processes in Gunganchi language. Meanwhile, the phonological processes found in Gunganchi language are assimilation, nasalisation, labialisation, palatalisation, interpellation and vowel elision. However, the phonological rules were also accounted for.Chapter four of this work discussed the tonal and syllable processes. These processes were well examined with illuminating examples from Gunganchi language. Finally, chapter five summarized the work. It also made observations, recommendations and conclusion. 5. 1FINDING/OBSERVATIONS Majority of Gunganchi speakers also speak Hausa language and it is observed that some words in Gunganchi are borrowed from Hausa language. Gunganchi language attests to both open syllable structure and closed syllable structure. Also, when some words in Gunganchi occur across morpheme boundary, the last vowel of the first word g ets deleted. There is the case of consonant cluster in Gunganchi language which is another observation.It was also observed that Gunganchi attest to the level tones (high, mid, low) and these tones co-occur in words. Finally, there are some words in Gunganchi that differs as a result of tone which is tonemic contrast. 5. 2RECOMMENDATIONS Through this research, useful insight has been drawn from the phonological aspects of Gunganchi language. As a matter of fact, the language has not been exposed to thorough linguistic scrutiny. There is need for linguists to focus their attention more on the language. This project has canvas the aspects of the phonology of Gunganchi language. I hereby recommend that linguists should shed more lower on this aspect and other aspects of Gunganchi language. Researchers who would like to research further onGunganchi will find this research work a reliable reference. 5. 3CONCLUSION Some aspects of the phonology of Gunganchi language have been surveyed. For want of space and time, it has not been possible to treat all aspects of the language. However, I hope this study will quicken further research in the language. REFERENCES Carlos, G. and Haike, J. (2005). Understanding Phonology (2nd Edition). Great Britain Hodder Arnold. Goldsmith, J. (1976). Autosegmental Phonology. MIT DIssertion IVLC, New York Grandland Press. Hyman, L. M. (1975). Phonology Theory and Analysis. 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